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Understanding National Education Policy | NEP 2020

National Education Policy 2020

What is NEP 2020?

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a comprehensive framework for the reform of education in India, spanning from early childhood care to higher education. It aims to create a holistic, flexible, and multidisciplinary education system that is rooted in Indian values and culture while preparing students for the 21st century. The policy emphasises conceptual understanding, creativity, critical thinking, and ethical reasoning. It also pushes for greater equity and inclusion, with a focus on socio-economically disadvantaged groups.

The NEP 2020 replaces the previous National Policy on Education of 1986, modified in 1992, marking a significant shift in the approach to education in India after 34 years.

Quick NEP 2020 Highlights for School Education

  • Ensures foundational literacy and numeracy for all primary school students by 2025, setting a strong academic base.
  • Introduces the 5+3+3+4 school structure, integrating experiential learning, reduced subject rigidity, and a multidisciplinary approach.
  • Emphasises multilingualism and Indian languages, encouraging regional language learning while promoting cultural heritage.
  • Brings experiential learning and coding, fostering creativity, problem-solving, and real-world application of knowledge.
  • Redesigns board exams and assessment systems, offering multiple attempts and a flexible evaluation structure for better learning outcomes.
  • Revamps higher education with multidisciplinary degrees, multiple exit options, and flexibility in academic choices.
  • Integrates technology for smart learning, enhancing digital education, AI-driven assessments, and interactive learning experiences.
  • Strengthens teacher training and professional development, ensuring educators receive continuous skill enhancement and modern teaching tools.
  • Promotes inclusive education for socio-economically disadvantaged groups (SEDGs) through equitable access and policy support.
  • Establishes national standards with PARAKH, ensuring a uniform assessment framework while keeping education rooted in Indian ethos.

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Guiding Principles of NEP 2020

NEP 2020 is built on five core pillars—Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability, and Accountability. These principles are designed to bridge learning gaps, make education more inclusive, and equip students with the skills needed for the 21st century.

  • 01

    Access

    Providing quality access to elementary education for all children, regardless of their gender, socio-economic background, location or caste.

  • 02

    Equity

    Ensuring equity of education through individual support and personalised learning.

  • 03

    Quality

    Delivering high-quality education to all students regardless of their location and background.

  • 04

    Affordability

    Making education free and compulsory for all between ages 3-18 years and providing support wherever needed.

  • 05

    Accountability

    Delivering guidance and framework for holistic education for all. Holding states, districts, and schools accountable for implementation to improve educational outcomes.

Decoding the New 5+3+3+4 Structure

The old 10+2 structure is now replaced with a 5+3+3+4 model, bringing a fresh approach that aligns with global best practices and child psychology. But what does this really mean for students? Let’s break it down in simple terms.

  1. Foundational Stage (5 years | Ages 3-8)

    • Who’s included?
      – Three years of preschool/Anganwadi

      – Classes 1 and 2

    • What happens at this stage?
      This phase focuses on play-based and activity-based learning rather than rote memorisation. Kids at this age learn best through storytelling, music, movement, and interactive activities. The emphasis is on language development, motor skills, and social interaction, ensuring a smooth transition into formal schooling.

  2. Preparatory Stage (3 years | Ages 8-11)

    • Who’s included?
      – Classes 3 to 5
    • What happens at this stage?
      At this stage, children start formal learning in subjects, but with a strong focus on discovery and interactive classroom experiences. The teaching methods remain engaging, using play-based and hands-on activities to build language, numeracy, and analytical skills.

  3. Middle Stage (3 years | Ages 11-14)

    • Who’s included?
      – Classes 6 to 8
    • What happens at this stage?
      This is the transition stage where students shift from playful learning to critical thinking and deeper subject knowledge. This stage emphasises:
      – Experiential learning in sciences, maths, arts, social sciences, and humanities

      – Skill-based learning – introducing a vocational course for Grades 6-8, where students get a taste of real-world skills (crafts, technology, entrepreneurship, etc.)

      – Concept-based learning rather than rote memorisation

  4. Secondary Stage (4 years | Ages 14-18)

    • Who’s included?
      – Classes 9 to 12 (split into 9-10 and 11-12)
    • What happens at this stage?
      This phase prepares students for higher education and careers, focusing on in-depth concept clarity, multidisciplinary learning, and critical thinking and problem-solving. With this system, students get more flexibility in choosing subjects, allowing them to customise their learning path based on interests and career aspirations.

Transforming the Curriculum and Pedagogy

With the implementation of the NEP 2020, the education board in India is moving more towards skill-based and interactive learning, ditching the rote learning method. Here’s how NEP 2020’s new educational structure transforms the curriculum and pedagogy:

  • Holistic and Integrated LearningNEP 2020 is all about making learning fun, meaningful, and well-rounded rather than just stuffing students’ brains with facts. One of its biggest changes is reducing the heavy curriculum load, focusing only on core essentials. This means students do not have to memorise endless information. They get to actually understand, analyse, and discuss what they are learning.

    Another significant advantage of NEP 2020’s new structure is its flexibility. Students can explore interdisciplinary studies, meaning they are not stuck in rigid streams. Love science but also have a thing for music? Want to study economics alongside psychology? Now, it’s possible! This approach ensures learning isn’t just about exams but about developing real-world skills and interests.

  • Experiential LearningNEP 2020 shifts learning from rote memorisation to real-world experience. Instead of just reading about concepts in textbooks, students get to do things, whether it is hands-on activities, projects, experiments, or practical applications.

    Instead of just learning formulas in math, students might work on projects that apply those concepts to real-life problems. Science classes could involve experiments that mimic real-world scenarios. Even subjects like history and geography can be made interactive through field trips, role-playing, or case studies.

    When students experience concepts firsthand, they understand them better, remember them longer, and, most importantly, enjoy the process.

  • Integrating Vocational EducationNEP 2020 brings vocational education into the mainstream, making it a core part of learning instead of an afterthought. Starting from middle school, students get exposure to various vocational skills. These skills include coding, carpentry, pottery, gardening, and even entrepreneurship. This ensures that learning is not just theoretical but also practical, preparing students for real-world careers.

    Another great aspect of the NEP 2020 is the 10-day bagless period. For at least 10 days a year, students put their textbooks aside and engage in hands-on vocational training. They might visit workshops, intern with local businesses, or learn directly from artisans and industry experts. This not only breaks the monotony of classroom learning but also helps students explore different career paths early on.

  • Focus on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN)NEP 2020 puts Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) at the top of its priority list, ensuring that every child in primary school masters basic reading, writing, and math skills by 2025.

    To make this happen, the National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy has been launched. This mission focuses on improving early childhood education, training teachers, and making learning engaging through fun activities, stories, and interactive methods instead of just rote learning.

    The idea is simple: If kids get a strong foundation early on, they will have a much easier time grasping complex subjects later.

Reforming Assessment and Evaluation

Here are all the changes that will be applied to evaluation and assessments for students:

  1. Changes to Board Exam

    While board exams will still be held for classes 10 and 12, they will follow a new structure. Now, students will have two attempts in a year, giving them a chance to improve their scores. The exams will also be split into two sections, one objective and one descriptive, making the evaluation process more balanced.

  2. PARAKH: Setting Assessment Standards

    PARAKH, which stands for Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development, is the official body responsible for setting assessment standards. It will ensure consistency and quality in exams across different boards.

  3. Holistic Report Cards

    Report cards will now offer a complete picture of a student’s progress. Instead of just marks, they will include details about skills, competencies, and overall development, giving a more well-rounded assessment of their abilities.

  4. Formative Assessment

    Formative assessment will play a key role in identifying students’ strengths and learning needs. Continuous evaluations will help recognise diverse talents and competencies beyond just exams, making education more inclusive and well-rounded.

Empowering Teachers and Transforming Education

Through NEP 2020, not only students but even teachers can be empowered to strive for excellence. Here’s how:

  1. Teacher Professional Development

    Teachers are expected to complete at least 50 hours of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) annually through training, workshops, and courses to enhance their skills. By 2030, a 4-year Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree will be the minimum qualification for teaching, ensuring a well-trained and competent teaching workforce.

  2. National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST)

    The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is set to establish a National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education by 2021 and the National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST) by 2022. These initiatives aim to standardise teacher training, set clear benchmarks for teaching quality, and ensure consistency in educator development across the country.

  3. Teacher Recruitment and Deployment

    The teacher recruitment process is being strengthened to ensure greater transparency and fairness. Clear guidelines and merit-based selection aim to bring in highly qualified educators. Additionally, there is a strong focus on deploying teachers to socio-economically disadvantaged areas to bridge educational gaps and provide quality learning opportunities where they are needed the most.

  4. Role of Technology in Teacher Development

    Technology is playing a crucial role in enhancing teacher development and student learning. Digital tools and online platforms are being used for teacher training, making learning more accessible and effective. As education shifts towards digital mediums, teachers are also expected to become skilled online content creators, ensuring engaging and high-quality learning materials for students.

Promoting Multilingualism and Indian Languages

The NEP 2020 also highlights the importance of Indian languages and focuses on promoting multilingualism. Here’s how it is possible:

  • The Three-Language FormulaThe Three-Language Formula promotes multilingual learning while respecting linguistic diversity. Students learn three languages: their regional or mother tongue, Hindi or English, and a third language, which can be another Indian or foreign language.

    No language is imposed, ensuring flexibility in learning. The NEP 2020 highlights that at least two of the three languages must be native to India, helping students stay connected to their cultural roots while enhancing communication and cognitive skills.

  • Mother Tongue/Local Language as Medium of InstructionThe policy encourages using the mother tongue or local language as the medium of instruction until Class 5, and preferably until Class 8. This helps children grasp concepts more effectively by learning a language they are most comfortable with.

    A bilingual approach is also encouraged, allowing a gradual transition to other languages. Teaching and learning materials are designed to support this, ensuring better comprehension and engagement.

  • Sanskrit and Foreign LanguagesSanskrit is given special emphasis as an important part of India’s linguistic and cultural heritage. It is offered as an option at all levels of education. Additionally, foreign languages are encouraged to help students develop global communication skills and expand their career opportunities.

  • Promotion of Indian Languages, Arts, and CultureThe policy emphasises the promotion of Indian languages, arts, and culture to preserve and celebrate the country’s rich heritage. Various initiatives support the growth of regional languages, including the establishment of academies for languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. These efforts ensure that traditional knowledge, literature, and artistic expressions are preserved and passed on to future generations.

Ensuring Equitable and Inclusive Education

With the help of the new structure in the NEP 2020, more inclusivity is promoted in education.

  1. Focus on Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs)

    Ensuring inclusive education involves providing students from socio-economically disadvantaged groups (SEDGs) with equal opportunities to learn and grow. This includes targeted measures like financial assistance and scholarships to ease the burden of education costs. By offering these support systems, students from underserved backgrounds can access quality education without financial barriers holding them back.

  2. Inclusion of Children with Disabilities

    The policy focuses on making education more accessible for children with disabilities by providing assistive devices, technology-based tools, and teaching materials tailored to their needs. It ensures that learning resources are available in appropriate languages and formats to support their education effectively.

    Under the RPWD Act 2016, children with benchmark disabilities have the choice to attend either regular schools with necessary support or special schools designed to cater to their specific requirements. This flexibility allows them to learn in an environment best suited to their needs.

  3. Gender Inclusion Fund

    The Gender Inclusion Fund is designed to support the education of female and transgender children across the country. It provides financial aid and resources to ensure they have access to quality education without discrimination. This initiative helps create a more inclusive learning environment by addressing barriers that these groups often face in the education system.

  4. Special Education Zones

    Special Education Zones are being set up to improve access to education for underrepresented groups in disadvantaged regions. These zones focus on providing targeted support, resources, and infrastructure to ensure that children from marginalised communities receive quality education. By addressing regional disparities, this initiative aims to bridge the educational gap and create equal learning opportunities for all.

Leveraging Technology for Enhanced Learning

NEP 2020 also focuses on the integration of technology to improve learning outcomes. As the world becomes more digital-friendly, it is time to involve digital tools in the education sector as well.

  1. National Educational Technology Forum (NETF)

    The National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) is an independent body set up to encourage discussions on how technology can enhance learning. It serves as a platform where experts, educators, and policymakers share insights on integrating tech into education effectively. NETF also plays a key role in advising government agencies with research-backed recommendations, ensuring that technology-driven education policies are practical and impactful.

  2. Digital Infrastructure and Content

    Building a strong digital infrastructure for education is essential to ensure seamless access to learning resources. Investing in open, interoperable, and public digital platforms allows students and educators to connect, collaborate, and access quality education without barriers.

    Equally important is the creation of high-quality, user-friendly digital content in all Indian languages. This ensures that learning materials are inclusive and accessible to students across diverse linguistic backgrounds, making digital education more effective and widespread.

  3. Online Teaching Platforms and Tools

    Expanding e-learning platforms like SWAYAM and DIKSHA is a crucial step in supporting teachers with structured and easy-to-use resources. These platforms offer a wide range of educational materials, interactive courses, and training modules that help educators enhance their teaching methods. By making these tools more accessible, teachers can deliver better learning experiences, ensuring students benefit from high-quality digital education.

  4. Virtual Labs

    Platforms like DIKSHA and SWAYAMPRABHA are being leveraged to develop virtual labs, allowing students to conduct experiments and gain hands-on experience in a digital environment. These virtual labs help bridge gaps in physical infrastructure, making practical learning accessible to students regardless of their location. By integrating interactive simulations and real-time problem-solving exercises, they enhance understanding and engagement in subjects like science and mathematics.

  5. Online Assessments and Examinations

    NETF is working on developing standards for online and digital teaching-learning to ensure consistency, quality, and credibility in virtual education. These standards aim to streamline online assessments and examinations, making them more reliable and accessible. These clear guidelines by NETF help institutions adopt effective digital evaluation methods, ensuring fairness and accuracy in student assessments.

Transforming Higher Education

Here’s how NEP 2020 affects higher education:

  • Multidisciplinary and Holistic EducationHigher education is shifting towards a more multidisciplinary and holistic approach, moving away from rigid subject boundaries. This means students no longer study subjects in isolation but experience an integrated learning process. For example, a business student might also explore psychology and data analytics, helping them develop a broader perspective and real-world problem-solving skills. This approach encourages critical thinking, adaptability, and a well-rounded education, preparing students for diverse career paths and a rapidly evolving job market.

  • Institutional Restructuring and ConsolidationThe focus is on creating large, multidisciplinary universities and colleges that offer a diverse range of subjects under one roof. This restructuring aims to enhance learning opportunities, encourage collaboration across disciplines, and improve research capabilities.

    To achieve this, colleges will be granted autonomy in stages. Initially, they may get academic independence to design courses. As they progress, they can gain administrative and financial autonomy, allowing them to make decisions on governance, faculty recruitment, and funding. This step-by-step approach ensures a smooth transition while maintaining quality and accountability.

  • National Research Foundation (NRF)The National Research Foundation (NRF) is designed to boost high-quality research in India by providing funding, resources, and support to academic institutions. Its primary role is to encourage innovation and strengthen the country’s research ecosystem.

    The NRF funds research projects across disciplines, ensuring that scholars and scientists have the financial backing they need. It also facilitates research at universities by improving infrastructure and fostering collaborations. Additionally, it acts as a bridge between researchers, the government, and industries, ensuring that research outcomes align with national priorities and have real-world applications.

  • Regulatory System of Higher EducationThe proposed regulatory system for higher education aims to streamline governance and improve quality through the establishment of the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI). This single regulatory body will oversee higher education, replacing multiple existing agencies.

    HECI will function through specialised verticals:

    • National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC): Responsible for regulation and ensuring compliance with academic standards.
    • National Accreditation Council (NAC): Focuses on accreditation, ensuring institutions meet quality benchmarks.
    • General Education Council (GEC): Develops learning outcomes, sets academic standards, and promotes a uniform credit system.

    This system aims to bring transparency, efficiency, and a student-centric approach to higher education governance.

  • Internationalisation of Higher EducationIndia is opening its doors to foreign universities, allowing them to establish campuses in the country. This move aims to bring world-class education closer to Indian students, promote global academic exchange, and enhance research collaborations. Foreign institutions will operate under specific guidelines to maintain quality and align with India’s educational framework.

    At the same time, Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) have been granted permission to set up campuses abroad. This will help expand India’s academic influence globally, attract international talent, and strengthen India’s position in the global education landscape.

  • UG StructureThe NEP 2020 also marks a shift in its approach to undergraduate education. A student pursuing a subject for a year and then dropping it will receive a Certificate in it, while a student dropping the subject after 2 years will receive an Advance Diploma. A Bachelor’s Degree will be awarded on pursuing the subject for 3 years and a Bachelor’s of Research will be conferred on completing 4 years of study of the subject. This will mean students can continue their education after a gap, by ensuring a credit system for courses already completed.

  • Curriculum Flexibility with Credit TransferAnother strategy for continued and flexible learning put forth by the NEP is that of credit transfer. Now the students will have the flexibility to pursue subjects of their choice, at the level and expertise they desire. At the same time, they will have the facility to transfer their credits from one institution to another, allowing them the mobility and the choice to pursue subjects under specific guidance. For example, a student might want to pursue foundational biology from one institute or faculty but marine biology from another specific institute. The credit transfer facility also allows students to take a gap year to earn experience and then decide on their specialisation.

  • GER of 50% by 2035The enrolment in higher education stood at 26.3% in 2018. The NEP, with its focus on increasing enrolment in higher education, is looking to add over 3.5 crore seats including those in vocational courses. This will drive the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education to 50% by 2035.

Adult Education and Lifelong Learning

Adult Education and Lifelong Learning are also highlighted in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Here’s how the policy takes care of this aspect:

  1. Framework for Adult Education

    Adult education is not just about learning but it is about empowering individuals with the skills they need to thrive. The framework for adult education covers several key areas:

    • Foundational Literacy and Numeracy: Ensuring adults can read, write, and handle basic math, which are essential for daily life.
    • Critical Life Skills: Teaching problem-solving, communication, financial literacy, and digital skills to navigate the modern world.
    • Vocational Skills Development: Equipping individuals with job-specific skills to improve employability and career growth.
    • Basic Education: Providing primary and secondary education opportunities for those who missed formal schooling.
    • Continuing Education: Encouraging lifelong learning through advanced courses, professional training, and skill enhancement.

    Together, these elements create a well-rounded approach to adult learning, helping individuals become more self-sufficient and adaptable.

  2. Infrastructure and Resources

    Adult education can be made more accessible by utilising existing infrastructure efficiently. Schools and school complexes can be repurposed after regular hours to host adult education programs, making use of classrooms, labs, and other facilities. Public libraries also serve as valuable learning hubs, providing a quiet space, access to books, digital resources, and even community-led workshops. By maximising these spaces, adult learners get a cost-effective, convenient, and supportive environment to continue their education.

  3. Role of Community and Volunteers

    Community involvement plays a crucial role in adult education. Encouraging qualified community members and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to participate as literacy instructors can make learning more relatable and accessible. Local volunteers, teachers, and college students can contribute by conducting classes, mentoring learners, and providing real-world knowledge. This not only strengthens community bonds but also ensures adult learners receive education tailored to their needs in a familiar and supportive environment.

  4. Technology in Adult Education

    Technology is transforming adult education by making learning more accessible and flexible. Dedicated TV channels can provide educational content to reach learners in remote areas. Online books and digital resources allow adults to study at their own pace. ICT-equipped libraries and Adult Education Centres offer internet access, e-learning modules, and interactive tools to enhance learning. By integrating technology, adult education becomes more engaging, inclusive, and effective.

Implementation Strategies and Challenges

Below are some implementation strategies for NEP 2020:

  1. Role of Central and State Governments

    The implementation of NEP 2020 is a shared responsibility between the central and state governments.

    • The Centre sets the overall framework and policies, while the states adapt them to their specific needs.
    • The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), now known as the Ministry of Education, oversees the policy at the national level.
    • The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) ensures coordination between the Centre and states.
    • The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) develops curriculum guidelines, while State Councils of Educational Research and Training (SCERTs) customise them for regional contexts.

    This collaborative approach ensures effective implementation across the country.

  2. Phased Implementation

    NEP 2020 is not an overnight change. It will be rolled out in phases to ensure a smooth transition. The government has planned a step-by-step implementation, starting with foundational reforms like early childhood education and curriculum changes, followed by structural adjustments in school and higher education. This phased approach allows time for infrastructure development, teacher training, and curriculum updates, making the transition more effective and manageable.

  3. Challenges and Criticisms

    NEP 2020 has been widely appreciated, but it also faces criticism from scholars and educationists.

    One major concern is the pace of its implementation. Many believe it is being rushed without adequate preparation, especially in terms of teacher training and infrastructure. There are also worries about equitable access to education, as the policy’s emphasis on digital learning could widen the gap between privileged and underprivileged students. Additionally, the three-language formula has sparked debates, with some states fearing it imposes linguistic preferences that may not align with regional needs.

Make Your School NEP Ready with Extramarks

Extramarks is a tech-driven platform offering comprehensive educational solutions for schools, teachers, students, and parents. Our tools — Smart Class Plus, Assessment Centre, Learning App, and Parent App — help schools like yours adapt to NEP 2020 assessment changes.

The Assessment Centre supports teachers with diverse evaluation methods, while the Learning App enables students to continue learning at home and school. Smart Class Plus enhances traditional teaching with interactive digital experiences, improving student engagement and understanding. Committed to aligning with NEP 2020, Extramarks aims to enhance the overall learning experience.

Conclusion

Schools and educators play a crucial role in bringing the principles of NEP 2020 to life. By embracing its vision and working towards effective implementation, it can shape a more inclusive and future-ready education system. If you have experiences, insights, or questions about NEP 2020, share them with us.

FAQs on NEP 2020

  1. What are the five pillars of NEP 2020?

    The National Education Policy 2020 is built on five main areas: access, equity, quality, affordability, and accountability. These pillars aim to improve the education system in India, ensuring that everyone has the chance to learn and succeed.

  2. What is the main aim of NEP 2020?

    The main goal of the National Education Policy 2020 is to transform the education system in India to make it more inclusive, flexible, and holistic. It focuses on providing quality education to all students and preparing them for the future.

  3. What is 5+3+3+4 in NEP?

    The 5+3+3+4 structure refers to the new educational framework outlined in the NEP. It breaks down the school education system into four stages: five years of foundational education (ages 3-8), three years of preparatory education (ages 8-11), three years of middle education (ages 11-14), and four years of secondary education (ages 14-18).

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Last Updated on March 24, 2025

Reviewed by

Prachi Singh's

Prachi Singh | VP - Academics

Prachi Singh is a highly accomplished educationist with over 16 years of experience in the EdTech industry. Currently, she plays a pivotal role at Extramarks, leading content strategy and curriculum development initiatives that shape the future of education...read more.

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