Teaching Methods to Improve Classroom Learning and Student Engagement

According to the Indian Government’s latest Annual UDISE+ Report, there are 26,52,35,830 (over 26 crore) students enrolled in schools across India. India is one of the largest education systems in the world. In the ever-evolving and growing landscape of Indian K-12 education, effective teaching methods and strategies play a pivotal role in shaping the future of millions of students.

With a diverse student population of varying socio-economic backgrounds, there are often disparities in learning outcomes across different states and regions. The need for effective teaching methods is more crucial than ever to bridge these gaps.

With a constant demand for quality education, educators in India face unique challenges that require innovative approaches to teaching. This page will delve into the various teaching methods and strategies employed by educators in India’s K-12 schools. The aim is to provide educators, parents, and policymakers with insights into the strategies that can help improve the overall quality of education in India.

By understanding and implementing effective teaching methods and strategies, we can work towards enhancing the educational experience for students and ensuring that they are better prepared for the challenges of the 21st century.

What are Teaching Methods?

Teaching methods are the different ways teachers guide students in learning new things and building skills. They include a range of techniques and strategies that educators use to help students understand and retain information. Nowadays, many teaching methods focus on being more creative and engaging, aiming to boost students’ success and participation. These modern approaches often highlight the importance of hands-on learning, teamwork, critical thinking, and tailoring instruction to meet individual needs.

2 Main Categories of Teaching Methods

Both approaches consist of methodologies that fall on a high-to-low spectrum of technology. Low-tech methodologies like written assessments, classroom teamwork, hands-on projects, analytical papers, etc., hone a student’s ability to process information and develop individual skills. The use of devices, recorded lectures, and the use of the internet for research, project presentations, etc., on the other hand, are on the high-tech side, allowing for a wider range of knowledge.

Importance of Teaching Methods

With shrinking attention spans and high digital exposure, the right teaching methods can help students engage with a topic, understand it and be able to see its usefulness in real life. By choosing appropriate and innovative teaching methods, educators can make the learning experience easy and enjoyable for their students and, at the same time, help them develop useful social skills for life. With teaching strategies more aligned to the required outcome, educators can guide their students in mastering the concept and applying it practically in specific situations. Some of these teaching strategies became extremely useful during the pandemic when educators and students could not rely on direct instruction.

27 Teaching Methods and Strategies

To assist you in selecting the best approach for your students, we’ve compiled a list of 27 modern teaching strategies. Let’s take a closer look at them below:

Teacher-Centred Approaches

1) Lecture-Based Learning

Lecture-based learning is the conventional method of teaching, where a teacher shares knowledge through material and visual cues on a given topic. A student observes, listens, takes notes and tries to process the information shared. The teacher would assign some part of the lecture to answer questions from students on the topic being taught, thus clarifying any doubts. This is a fairly low-tech approach where concepts can be shared via presentations and visual aids, while students lean on their longer attention spans and note-making skills.

Example of Lecture-Based Learning

In a history class, the teacher might present a lecture on World War II, using slides with maps and important events. Students take notes on important dates and figures, and afterwards, the teacher opens the floor for questions. This allows students to ask about things they didn’t understand, making the lesson clearer.

Impact of Lecture-Based Learning

The impact of lecture-based learning includes:

• Foundation of Knowledge: It gives students a strong base of information on various topics.
• Listening Skills Development: Students improve their ability to listen attentively and follow along.
• Critical Thinking: When students ask questions, they engage in critical thinking and learn to analyse information more deeply.
• Focus on Note-Taking: This method emphasises the importance of good note-taking habits, which can be beneficial for future studies.

2) Direct Instruction

Slightly different from lecture-based learning, under the Direct Instruction approach, a teacher can divide the allotted lecture time into three segments. Sharing knowledge, making the students practice the concept under guidance and independent work with the concept by the students. Again, low on technology, this method has the students work on the concept immediately after understanding, thereby strengthening their fundamental grasp of the topic.

Example of Direct Instruction Teaching Method

In a math class that focuses on fractions, the teacher begins by explaining how to add and subtract them. After the explanation, students practice solving problems with the teacher’s support. Finally, they work independently on similar problems to reinforce their understanding. This clear step-by-step process helps students understand the concepts.

Impact of Direct Instruction

• Better Understanding of Topics: By breaking lessons into clear steps, students can understand and use what they’ve learned more effectively.
• Immediate Practice: Working on problems right after the lesson reinforces their knowledge and builds confidence.
• Supportive Learning Environment: The teacher’s guidance during practice encourages students to ask questions and get help, creating a positive classroom atmosphere.

3) Flipped Classroom

An evolved teaching structure where teachers share pre-recorded lectures, and texts to peruse on a given topic as pre-study material. The students work with it at their own pace. Classroom time is then used to discuss understanding, answer questions and engage in activities on the application of the acquired knowledge. Thus flipping the practice of classwork and homework. This method requires both teachers and students to have access to devices and be comfortable with using digital technology for learning.

Example of Flipped Classroom

In a history class, instead of a traditional lecture, the teacher might assign a video on the Civil War for students to watch at home. In class, students could break into groups to debate the causes and effects of the war, using what they learned from the video. This group activity encourages students to share ideas and perspectives, making the learning experience more interactive.

Impact of the Flipped Classroom Method

• Increased Student Participation: When students come to class prepared, they are more likely to engage in discussions and activities.
• Better Critical Thinking Skills: Class time is dedicated to deeper thinking and problem-solving rather than just listening to lectures.
• Tailored Learning Experiences: Students can take their time with challenging topics, allowing them to learn in a way that suits them best.

Read more on Flipped Classroom here!

4) Kinesthetic Learning

A teaching methodology where the teacher moves around the classroom and has the students engage in activities. Also referred to as hands-on learning, this method utilises drawing, building, acting, role-playing and project work in groups or individually to keep students engaged. Students experience the concepts, their challenges and applicability firsthand.

This method is also a great low-tech method that requires only physical props or materials and no digital or virtual setup. Another advantage of this method is that instead of using technology, students learn the concepts using their physical and mental skills, enjoying a total involvement with the concept being taught.

Example of Kinesthetic Learning

In a science class about simple machines, instead of simply discussing the topic, the teacher sets up stations with different materials like levers, pulleys, and ramps. Students rotate through each station, building their own simple machines. They get to see how each machine works and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. By actively participating, students not only understand the concepts better but also learn to collaborate and think critically about the mechanics behind each machine.

Impact of Kinesthetic Learning

• Increased Engagement: Students are more involved in their learning because they’re actively participating in hands-on activities rather than just listening.
• Deeper Understanding: Through direct experience, students can connect theory with practice, leading to a stronger understanding of concepts.
• Improved Collaboration Skills: Working in groups encourages communication and teamwork, helping students learn from one another.
• Enhanced Problem-Solving Abilities: Students face real challenges during activities, allowing them to think critically and develop solutions.

5) Play-Based Learning

Children can learn through unstructured play, for example, by simply going outside and playing with their friends. By playing with sticks, in sandpits, or with toys, children develop motor skills, social skills, and communication skills. This form of play isn’t just for children, though. As adults, we still learn by playing. For example, we develop strategic thinking skills when we play tactical games like football and teamwork skills when we play team games like basketball.

Example of Play-Based Learning

Imagine a classroom where instead of sitting quietly while the teacher lectures, the students are outside playing a game of tag. In this game, they not only have fun but also learn about concepts like speed, strategy, and cooperation. After the game, the teacher gathers the students to discuss what they learned about movement and teamwork. This interactive experience helps reinforce lessons in a way that sticks with them.

Impact of Play-Based Learning

• More Engagement: Kids are more excited to learn when they can play. This keeps their interest and makes learning enjoyable.
• Improved Social Skills: Through group play, children learn how to interact, share, and resolve conflicts, which are important life skills.
• Better Problem-Solving: Play encourages kids to think creatively and find solutions to challenges, helping them in everyday situations.
• Increased Confidence: When children successfully navigate play activities, they build self-esteem and feel a sense of accomplishment.

6) Norman Webb’s Depth of Knowledge

The depth of knowledge methodology is a four-level strategy to ensure a deeper understanding of the concepts being taught.

1. The first level requires students to be able to Recollect and Reproduce the concept being taught. This usually is the basic framework such as a formula.
2. The second level requires the Application of the said framework to a given problem or scenario. This requires the students to work through the problem in a step-wise approach and apply the formula at the right stage.
3. The third level involves Strategic Thinking on the part of the student where they are given more abstract scenarios to work through than the previous stage. Here, they use an individualised approach to solve the problem and might come up with different ways of solving it.
4. The fourth level is that of Extended Critical Thinking. At this stage, the students justify and reason out their approach and why they chose it particularly. They go over their considerations and their subsequent solutions to what are sometimes similar to real-world problems.

Example of Norman Webb’s Depth of Knowledge

In a science class, instead of just listening to a lecture about ecosystems, students might work on a project where they create a model of a local ecosystem. They start by recalling facts about plants and animals (level one). Then, they apply their knowledge by arranging the components of their model correctly (level two). After that, they explore how different factors, like pollution or climate change, affect the ecosystem (level three). Finally, they present their findings and explain why their ecosystem model works the way it does, discussing different viewpoints (level four).

Impact of Depth of Knowledge

Using the Depth of Knowledge framework in teaching leads to several positive outcomes:

• Better Student Engagement: Students are more involved in their learning, as they move beyond simple memorisation to active participation and problem-solving.
• Stronger Critical Thinking Skills: Classroom activities focus on higher-level thinking, encouraging students to analyse and evaluate information.
• Personalised Learning: This approach allows students to learn at their own pace. They can take the time they need to understand complex topics, ensuring no one gets left behind. Learn more on personalised learning.

7) Summative Assessment

These are the standard end-of-unit tests that check the degree to which the students have understood the topics covered and how to apply them. Educators assign grades to students based on their performance through this assessment. Though sometimes stressful for students, these are good markers of a student’s broad understanding of the topics covered in the classroom. This tool can be completely low-tech or be aided by technology, at the discretion of the school and the educator.

Example of Summative Assessments

In a history class, instead of a typical test, students might be asked to create a project that showcases what they’ve learned about a particular historical event. They could work in groups to create a presentation or a timeline, using both visual elements and written summaries. This allows students to express their understanding creatively and collaboratively, rather than just through multiple-choice questions.

Impact of Summative Assessments

• Clear Understanding of Knowledge: These assessments help teachers see what students know and what areas may need more focus.
• Encourages Accountability: Students take responsibility for their learning as they prepare for these assessments, which can motivate them to engage more with the material.
• Guides Future Teaching: The results from these assessments can inform teachers about which topics need to be revisited in future lessons, ensuring that everyone is on the right track.

Read more about Summative Assessments here!

8) Formative Assessment

In ways the opposite of Summative assessment, the formative assessment method works on gauging the student’s grasp on the topic being covered at the end of class and before moving on to the next topic. This helps educators identify any gaps in the lessons and, at the same time, inform them if certain students need more personalised or one-on-one time for a better understanding of the concept. This method is extremely low-tech in the form of class tests or a viva at the end of a lesson.

Example Activity for Formative Assessment

In a math class, the teacher might ask students to solve a problem on the board after teaching a new concept. Instead of just lecturing, the teacher encourages students to work in pairs to discuss their methods and solutions. After a few minutes, they share their answers with the class, allowing the teacher to see who understands the material and who might need more support. This interactive session helps students clarify their thoughts and learn from each other.

Impact of Formative Assessment

The use of formative assessment can lead to several positive outcomes:

• Improved Student Engagement: Students feel more involved in their learning and are encouraged to actively participate in discussions.
• Better Understanding of Concepts: By identifying gaps in knowledge right away, teachers can adjust their lessons to address these issues, ensuring students understand the material before moving forward.
• Targeted Support: Teachers can provide tailored assistance to those who need it, helping each student learn at their own pace.

Read more about Formative Assessment here!

Student-Centred Approaches

9) Blended Learning

As the name suggests, this method is the middle ground between traditional lecture-style teaching and the online technology-driven style of studying. This hybrid teaching strategy combines classroom instruction, digital research, use of technology for assessment and project work.

While being physically in a classroom, teaching material can be accessed virtually through smart classroom devices. Teachers use technology to teach or explain concepts and submissions are made through devices.

This method allows for both in-person interaction of the students with their teachers and peers and, at the same time, uses collaborative tech for projects and assessments. The students can further seek individual time with their educators for clarifications or inputs, making this a more Student-centric approach.

Example of Blended Learning

In a history class, instead of just listening to a lecture, students might watch a documentary on a historical event and then discuss it in groups. The teacher can provide guidance and answer questions while students work together to explore the topic further. This method encourages collaboration and allows students to learn from each other while still benefiting from direct interaction with their teacher.

Impact of Blended Learning

• Improved Student Engagement: Students are more involved in their learning because they can connect with both their peers and the material in different ways.
• Boosted Critical Thinking Skills: With a mix of activities, class time can focus on discussions and problem-solving instead of just lectures.
• Customised Learning Experiences: Each student can move at their own pace, giving them the chance to revisit tricky topics whenever they need.

Read more about Blended Learning here!

10) Differentiated Instruction

Initially devised to ensure equal education to children of all backgrounds and learning needs, the differentiated instruction method promotes an inclusive learning environment for all students. Based on the premise that different students learn differently, this strategy utilises several teaching tools such as books, activities, prompts and visual aids to connect with all learners. Assessments are also made through a combination of tools, giving all students of a mixed-ability class a fair opportunity to apply their learnings.

Example of Differentiated Instruction

In a history class, instead of everyone reading the same textbook chapter, the teacher might create different activities. Some students might read a text, while others watch a video or create a timeline of events. They could also work in groups to discuss what they learned and present their findings to the class. This way, students can choose the method that works best for them, making the lesson more relevant and engaging. 

Impact of Differentiated Instruction

• Increased Engagement: When students can choose how they learn, they are more likely to be interested and involved in the material.
• Improved Understanding: By using different methods, students have more chances to understand complex concepts in a way that makes sense to them.
• Support for Mixed Abilities: This approach allows teachers to effectively reach students of all skill levels, ensuring that everyone is included in the learning process.

Read more on best practice for differentiated instructions here!

11) Inquiry-based Learning

Largely a student-centric teaching method, Inquiry-based learning requires a student to explore and investigate a topic, seeking answers through multiple sources and active research. The teacher plays the role of a facilitator, guiding the student through the process. An educator’s focus in this method is on the direction of enquiry, resources used, as well as the process followed.

The student, by actively engaging, gets in-depth knowledge on the subject. They enjoy being able to pursue their interest while the educator instils the important skills of critical thinking in the student.

Example of Inquiry-based Learning

For instance, in a history class about ancient civilisations, students could be assigned to research different cultures. Instead of simply listening to a lecture, they might use books, documentaries, and online resources to gather information. They would then present their findings to the class, discussing their insights and answering questions from their peers. This way, students learn not just from their own research but also from the perspectives of others, making the learning experience richer.

Impact of Inquiry-based Learning

• Active Student Participation: Students take charge of their learning, which keeps them engaged and interested in the subject matter.
• Enhanced Critical Thinking: As students ask questions and seek answers, they develop their ability to analyse information and draw conclusions.
• Collaborative Learning: Students work together, sharing ideas and learning from one another, which enhances their teamwork skills.

Read more about Inquiry-based learning here!

12) Expeditionary Learning

Literally meaning learning-through-expeditions, this teaching method involves students being able to apply concepts learned in the classroom to practical, real-world scenarios. This could be in the form of field trips, outdoor group activities, nature exploration, or real-life experiments, giving students a holistic experience. Students gain practical experience and, at the same time, the opportunity to work on multifaceted problem solutions. This helps them build collaborative skills, teamwork and key personal attributes for life.

Example of Expeditionary Learning

For instance, in a science class focused on environmental studies, students might take a trip to a local river. While there, they collect water samples to test for pollution levels. They work in groups to analyse the data and discuss the implications of their findings. This hands-on experience not only reinforces what they learned in the classroom but also encourages teamwork and critical thinking as they work through real-world environmental issues.

Impact of Expeditionary Learning

• Greater Student Engagement: Students become more involved in their learning when they see how it connects to the real world. This active participation makes learning more enjoyable.
• Improved Problem-Solving Skills: By facing real challenges during their expeditions, students enhance their ability to think critically and find solutions to complex issues.
• Strengthened Teamwork Abilities: Working together on projects helps students develop teamwork skills, which are crucial for their future careers and personal lives.
• Deeper Understanding of Concepts: Applying classroom lessons to practical situations helps solidify their understanding, making the learning more meaningful and memorable.

13) Personalised Learning

A fairly new approach, the Personalised Learning Strategy allows students to create their own study plan based on personal interest and familiarity with the concept.

Also known as Competency-based Learning, Students can work at their own pace and finish lessons as per their own competency with the subject. Teachers engage regularly on a one-on-one basis to address doubts and questions, suggesting useful resources, practice tests and giving specific assessments.

This is progress and an interest-based approach. On one hand, it allows students to work beyond their grade and, on the other, it helps students facing difficulty to catch up with their class. Strongly student-centric, this approach is fairly high-tech as it requires students to access extra learning material beyond the classroom.

Example of Personalised Learning

In a math class, instead of following a set curriculum, students might choose to focus on topics they find challenging or exciting, like geometry or algebra. The teacher would provide tailored support, helping them work through problems and guiding them to additional resources. This flexible approach enables students who are struggling to catch up while allowing those who excel to work ahead. It is a student-centred method that often involves using technology to access extra learning materials beyond what is taught in class.

Impact of Personalised Learning

• Increased Engagement: Students are more motivated because they are studying topics that interest them, leading to greater involvement in their learning.
• Greater Understanding: Since students learn at their own pace, they can take the time they need to grasp complex subjects, resulting in deeper knowledge.
• Stronger Relationships: One-on-one interactions with teachers build trust and support, making students feel more comfortable seeking help.
• Better Skills Development: As students work on their own, they develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which are essential for their future.

Read more about Personalised Learning here!

14) Game-Based Learning

As the name suggests, this teaching strategy uses games (digital or non-digital) to help students master soft skills and, at the same time, build a better understanding of the concept application. Extremely engaging for students, this method keeps them going with the possibility of winning points or badges, fulfilling quests and using their skills in a gamified environment. Students internalise insights without a lot of effort through the immersive aspect, inherent to games. They also learn to make choices, problem-solve and think independently to navigate various stages of the game.

Example of Game-Based Learning

In a history class, instead of just reading from a textbook, students might play a simulation game where they step into the roles of historical figures. They work in groups to make decisions based on the challenges those figures faced, such as leading a country during a war or managing resources during a crisis. Through this interactive experience, students gain a deeper understanding of historical events and develop teamwork and critical thinking skills.

Impact of Game-Based Learning

• Increased Engagement: Students are more interested in learning because the games are enjoyable and interactive. This keeps them motivated and eager to participate.
• Better Understanding of Concepts: By applying what they’ve learned in a game setting, students can see how different ideas connect, making the learning experience more meaningful.
• Development of Problem-Solving Skills: As students encounter challenges in the game, they practice figuring out solutions, which enhances their ability to think critically and tackle real-life problems.

Read more on Gamification in Education.

15) Group Learning

A teaching strategy that fosters collaboration, Group Learning requires students to work in groups towards a common goal. It teaches them valuable skills such as teamwork, insight sharing, building on ideas, active participation, working towards a common goal and ownership.

Also known as Collaborative Learning, it requires students to research, discuss and divide tasks before collectively arriving at the outcome. The outcome is then shared with the teacher and the rest of the class in the form of a presentation.

This method also teaches students to be open to critique by their peers and answer questions on the process and choices made. The teacher’s role here is that of a guide, supervising the process and providing feedback on the outcome.

Example of Group Learning

In a history class, instead of just listening to a lecture, students might form groups to explore different aspects of a historical event, like the Dandi March. Each group could focus on a specific area, such as key figures, major events, or important laws. They would research their topics, share their findings with one another, and then create a presentation to teach the rest of the class. This collaborative effort not only helps them understand the material better but also allows them to practice presenting and answering questions from their peers.

Impact of Group Learning

• Improved Communication Skills: Working in groups helps students learn to express their ideas clearly and listen to others, which enhances their overall communication abilities.
• Stronger Teamwork Abilities: As students collaborate, they gain experience in working with others, learning how to negotiate roles and responsibilities within the group.
• Deeper Understanding of Content: When students discuss and teach each other, they reinforce their understanding of the material, making it easier to remember and apply.
• Increased Confidence: Presenting their work and receiving feedback boosts students’ confidence in their knowledge and abilities.

Read more about Collaborative Learning here!

16) Role Playing

Slightly different from game-based learning and group learning, this teaching method assigns specific roles to the students as they work together in a structured manner. Role-playing helps students build empathy while developing an understanding of real-life scenarios and situations.

This method ensures active participation from students. By rotating different roles, students can begin to gain deeper insights into the dynamics of teamwork, responsibility and relationships. The teacher does the job of a facilitator in this learning technique, which is also known as Cooperative Learning.

Example of Role Playing

In a social studies class, students might role-play as different community members during a town hall meeting. Some might represent local business owners, while others take on the roles of parents, teachers, or government officials. As they discuss a new school policy, students must listen to each other’s viewpoints and negotiate solutions. This activity allows them to understand various perspectives and practice important communication skills. The teacher guides the discussion, helping students reflect on the importance of collaboration and conflict resolution.

Impact of Role Playing

• Increased Engagement: Students are more involved in the learning process because they actively participate and relate to the scenarios.
• Empathy Development: By stepping into different roles, students learn to appreciate others’ feelings and viewpoints, enhancing their social skills.
• Improved Teamwork Skills: Role-playing teaches students how to work effectively with others, preparing them for future collaborative environments.
• Enhanced Problem-Solving Abilities: Students learn to think critically as they navigate real-world situations and find solutions collectively.
• Practical Application of Knowledge: This method helps students apply what they’ve learned in a hands-on way, making it easier to remember and understand complex topics.

17) Project-Based Learning

Project-based learning can either be a group activity or an individual project. In this method, students apply concepts learned in the classroom to solve a problem or deliver a specific outcome. These projects can be multidisciplinary and might require students to use concepts learned in one subject to deliver a desired outcome in another field.

Being long-term and in-depth in nature, this teaching method helps students hone their soft skills, enhance their critical thinking and practice concept applicability. This is a student-centric approach, with the students playing an active role in choosing, designing and executing the projects.

Example of Project-Based Learning

For instance, in a history class, students might work on a project where they research a historical event. They could create a documentary video that includes interviews, visuals, and narratives. By collaborating, students will learn how to organise their research, share tasks, and present their findings creatively. This not only helps them understand history better but also teaches them skills like communication, organisation, and teamwork.

Impact of Project-Based Learning

• Active Engagement: Students are more involved in their learning, which keeps them interested and motivated.
• Skill Development: They improve their problem-solving and critical thinking skills by facing real challenges.
• Collaboration: Working in groups helps them learn how to communicate effectively and work as a team.
• Application of Knowledge: Students see how what they learn in class can be used in real life, making their education feel more relevant.

Read more about Project-Based learning here!

18) Thinking-Based Learning

This teaching method pushes the students towards ‘Critical and Creative thinking’. Thinking-based learning gets the students to understand the ‘Why’ behind the application of the concepts learned in the classroom. This is a kind of post-analysis style of learning where once the students have applied their learnings to an actual project, they begin to analyse what worked (or didn’t) and why. This helps clarify and strengthen the theoretical knowledge of students in practical scenarios.

Example of Thinking-Based Learning

In a math class, instead of just solving equations, students might be asked to plan a budget for a community event using their math skills. After presenting their plans, they reflect on how their calculations worked out—whether their estimates were accurate or if adjustments were needed. The teacher guides them to think about why certain calculations succeeded and where they may have gone wrong. This encourages them to see math as more than just numbers but as a tool for real-world problem-solving.

Impact of Thinking-Based Learning

• Deeper Understanding of Concepts: Students learn not just the “how” but the “why” behind the lessons, leading to a more thorough understanding of the material.
• Improved Critical and Analytical Skills: Analysing their work helps students think critically about their decisions, allowing them to approach problems from different angles.
• Enhanced Problem-Solving Abilities: By reflecting on what worked and what didn’t, students become better at finding solutions and improving their methods over time.
• Increased Engagement and Interest: Applying their knowledge to real-life scenarios makes learning more engaging and meaningful, motivating students to dive deeper into the subject matter.

Also read: Problem-Based Learning

19) Discussion-Based Learning

Discussion-based learning can be used in smaller groups or as a directed classroom discussion strategy. The educator picks a concept and plays the role of a moderator, moving the discussion along, finding the gaps and leading students to a broad conclusion.

A key method to build quick information processing, collaboration, building evidence and sharp reasoning skills amongst students. Discussion-based learning also helps students build their listening and communication skills.

Example of Discussion-Based Learning

In a history class, instead of simply listening to a lecture on the causes of World War I, students are asked to participate in a group discussion. The teacher presents key events, and the students debate the impact of each event on the war’s outbreak. Through this discussion, they exchange ideas, challenge each other’s opinions, and support their arguments with facts from their readings. This not only deepens their understanding of the topic but also strengthens their reasoning and communication skills.

Impact of Discussion-Based Learning

• Faster Information Processing:  Students learn to quickly analyse and process information during the discussion, sharpening their ability to grasp complex ideas in a short time.
• Better Collaboration: Students work together, sharing different viewpoints and learning to build on each other’s ideas, which helps improve teamwork.
• Stronger Reasoning Skills: By defending their opinions and analysing others’ perspectives, students develop clearer, more logical reasoning abilities.

20) Flexible Seating

Specifically useful teaching strategy for younger kids who are just starting school at the primary level. Young children find it difficult to remain in the structured seating of a formal classroom, making them fidgety and easily attention fatigued.

Moving around and engaging kinaesthetically in the learning process with the option of different seating such as beanbags, floor seating, and different levels of stools and chairs, keeps their attention on the lesson being taught instead of fussing about having to be still in one place.

Example of Flexible Seating

In a reading class, instead of having all the students sit at desks, the teacher might let some students sit on floor mats while others choose beanbags or stools. As the teacher reads a story, the children are allowed to change positions as they listen. After the story, the students gather in small groups around the classroom, discussing the plot or acting out parts of the story in their chosen seating spots. This helps them stay focused and makes the lesson more interactive.

Impact of Flexible Seating

• Increased Focus and Engagement: When students are comfortable and allowed to move around, they tend to pay more attention to the lesson.
• Reduced Restlessness: Flexible seating reduces the need for children to fidget, making the classroom environment calmer.
• Improved Participation: The option to choose where to sit gives students a sense of control, making them more willing to participate in class activities.
• Better Collaboration: Different seating setups encourage group work, helping students communicate and work together more effectively.

21) Active Learning

Active learning is a teaching strategy that puts the student into the driving seat in a classroom lesson. This is a combination technique where initially, an educator outlines and explains the concept and then allows the students to switch roles.

With activities such as peer-to-peer teaching, the muddiest point technique, and reciprocal questioning, the educator lets the students play an active role in clarifying doubts for their peers, explaining the toughest points to each other and playing the role of the teacher by questioning other students to strengthen their understanding of the concept.

Not only can this teaching method be very engaging for the students, but it also helps them break down complex concepts in a way that is easier for them to retain.

Example of Active Learning

In a math class, instead of simply listening to the teacher solve problems, students might work in pairs to teach each other how to solve algebraic equations. They would then explain to the group the steps they took to solve a problem. By discussing what they found challenging and asking questions, they reinforce their learning. The teacher is there to guide and clarify when needed, but the focus is on student collaboration and understanding.

Impact of Active Learning

• Higher Engagement: Students get more involved when they explain ideas themselves rather than just listening.
• Stronger Critical Thinking: It encourages students to think through problems and communicate their understanding, which deepens learning.
• Better Retention: Breaking down complex ideas and discussing them with peers makes it easier for students to remember and apply concepts in the future.

Read more about Active Learning here!

22) Peer Instruction

Peer Instruction is a way of learning where students explain what they’ve learned to each other. This helps them understand the material better and see if they really get it.

Example of Peer Instruction

In a math class, instead of just listening to the teacher, students are given a problem to solve on their own. Afterward, they talk with a partner to explain how they solved it. Each student shares their method, and together they figure out which way is correct. The teacher steps in only when needed, letting the students discuss most of it.

Impact of Peer Instruction

• More Engagement: Students get more involved because they actively teach and learn from each other.
• Better Understanding: Explaining things to others helps students understand the material more clearly and see where they might be confused.
• Improved Communication: Talking with peers about their ideas helps students get better at explaining things and understanding different viewpoints.

23) Response to Intervention

A method that promotes a more inclusive classroom environment, this teaching strategy focuses on frequent intervention and learning assessment for students with different learning needs. As a response to the increased intervention, students find it easier to keep up with the rest of the class. Another advantage of this method is that it reduces the stress of assessment on all students due to their informal and frequent nature.

Example of Response to Intervention

In a math class, the teacher may notice that some students are having difficulty understanding fractions. Instead of waiting until the next big test to address the issue, the teacher uses the RTI method by offering short, targeted lessons on fractions during class. These lessons are designed to help struggling students without singling them out. The teacher also provides practice problems and checks in regularly to see how students are progressing. Over time, the students get a better grasp of the material and catch up with the rest of the class.

Impact of Response to Intervention

• Improved Student Performance:Students who receive frequent, targeted help are able to better understand difficult topics and keep up with their classmates.
• Reduced Anxiety Around Assessments: Since assessments are more frequent and informal, students feel less pressure, making it easier for them to perform well.
• Personalised Learning Support: RTI allows teachers to give individualised attention to students based on their specific learning needs, helping them succeed in areas they struggle with.
• Inclusive Classroom Environment: With RTI, all students feel supported, and no one is left behind, fostering a classroom where everyone has an opportunity to learn and grow.

24) Convergent and Divergent Thinking

Two countering methods to enhance problem-solving through critical, strategic and creative thinking amongst students. Convergent thinking uses multiple pieces of information that converge on a single solution, while divergent thinking uses a single prompt to generate multiple solutions to the situations.

The first is a function of sifting through all information to arrive at the most effective solution, while the second is the function of attacking a problem from all angles to find as many solutions as possible. Both have a place in real-life scenarios, preparing students to handle real-world challenges effectively.

Impact of Convergent and Divergent Thinking

• Enhanced Problem-Solving Skills: Students learn to look at problems from different angles and find effective solutions.
• Increased Creativity: Encouraging students to come up with various ideas helps them feel more confident in sharing their thoughts.
• Better Teamwork: Working together on projects helps students communicate and listen to each other, which improves collaboration.
• Stronger Critical Thinking: Analysing information and deciding on the best solution teaches students how to think critically and make good decisions in real life.

25) Reciprocal Teaching

Different from the reciprocal questioning tool under Active Learning, the Reciprocal Teaching method is a tool to promote reading amongst the students. It asks students to predict, paraphrase and summarise the text they are studying.

Engaging students in activities like predicting the course of a plot breaks a lengthy read into many interesting twists and turns, building creative thinking and imagination amongst students. This strategy can also be applied to subjects like maths where students find it difficult to break down text-based mathematical problems. Paraphrasing the problem in their language gives the students a means to work out the solutions.

Example of Reciprocal Teaching

In a literature class, instead of just reading a chapter from a novel, students could work in groups to predict what might happen next in the story. Each group would take turns sharing their predictions and discussing why they think those events might occur. This active participation encourages them to think deeply about the characters and plot, leading to a richer understanding of the material.

Impact of Reciprocal Teaching

The impact of the reciprocal teaching method includes:

• Improved Comprehension Skills: Students learn to understand and analyse texts as they predict and summarise the material.
• Increased Engagement: By participating in discussions and activities, students become more involved in their learning, making it enjoyable and interactive.
• Development of Critical Thinking: This method encourages students to think critically about what they read, allowing them to make connections and draw conclusions.
• Confidence in Learning: As students paraphrase and discuss texts, they gain confidence in their ability to understand and articulate complex ideas.

26) Interdisciplinary Teaching

This teaching strategy requires students to take learnings from one subject and apply them to another real-world problem, of a different subject. Climate change with geography, mathematics with music, and physics with carpentry are just a few examples of this. The interdisciplinary teaching method helps students widen the scope of the concepts they are learning and how a lot of them can be practically applied to diverse problems thus finding lasting solutions. Tapping into a student’s interest and creativity makes this strategy strongly student-centric.

Example of Interdisciplinary Teaching

In a science class, students could study the importance of ecosystems while also learning about art. They might go on a nature walk to observe different plants and animals, then create a piece of art inspired by what they saw. This project would allow students to express their understanding of ecological concepts through creativity, connecting science and art in a meaningful way.

Impact of Interdisciplinary Teaching

• Broader Understanding of Concepts: Students gain a deeper understanding of subjects as they see how they relate to each other and the real world.
• Increased Engagement: By applying their learning to practical problems, students become more interested and motivated to participate.
• Collaboration and Teamwork: Working on interdisciplinary projects fosters collaboration, as students often need to communicate and work together to find solutions.

Also read: Interdisciplinary Approach in Teaching

27) Asynchronous Learning

Simply put these are blocks of curriculum and learning that are stand-alone in an academic year. They are not time-bound or required to be in any sequence of learning.

With the pandemic, the education sector was caught unprepared. To ensure the teaching and curriculum don’t come to a complete stop in the event of a temporary challenge, it is a good practice to have certain stand-alone pieces that can be injected whenever the need arises.

Whether it is something as basic as a student or teacher illness or simply reduced school days because of inclement weather, these projects (such as portfolio work, recorded lessons or online discussion boards) can be assigned to be done at home or at a student’s own pace during an unforeseen break.

Example of Asynchronous Learning

In a math class, instead of following a strict lesson plan, students might work on a project where they design a budget for a fictional event. They would research costs, calculate expenses, and present their budget to the class. This project allows students to apply their math skills in a real-world context and collaborate with classmates to solve problems.

Impact of Asynchronous Learning

• Flexibility in Learning: Students can complete assignments when it suits them, which helps them balance their studies with other commitments.
• Encourages Independence: As students manage their own learning, they develop skills in self-discipline and time management, preparing them for future academic and professional challenges.
• Enhanced Understanding: With the ability to revisit materials as needed, students can deepen their grasp of complex concepts and reinforce their learning at their own pace.

Read more about Asynchronous Learning here!

Benefits of Using Different Teaching Methods

It is easy to be overwhelmed by a large list of new-age teaching methodologies. With large curriculums, it can seem like a lot of extra work. But remember that a lot of these methods are just building on existing strategies that teachers might already be using. Additionally, using appropriate teaching methods might make a teacher more effective and their job a little easier.

Essential Teaching Strategies You Shouldn’t Ignore

1. Use Technology: Incorporating technology in the classroom is important. Tools like Extramarks Smart Class+, which give you access to various interactive education modules and online videos can make lessons more interesting and help students learn in different ways.
2. Don’t Just Use Textbooks: While textbooks are helpful, relying only on them can limit how much students learn. Using a mix of materials, like articles, videos, and hands-on projects, can keep students engaged and cater to different learning styles.
3. Include Social and Emotional Learning (SEL): It’s not just about academics. Teaching social skills, like teamwork and empathy, is essential for students’ overall growth and helps them connect better with their peers.
4. Avoid Yelling: Yelling can create a negative classroom environment and make students feel scared or anxious. Using calm communication encourages a more positive atmosphere where students feel safe to participate.
5. Be Fair to All Students: Every student deserves respect and equal chances to succeed. Treating everyone fairly builds a supportive classroom where students can thrive.
6. Move Away from Teacher-centred Learning: Focusing only on lectures can be boring. Encouraging group work, discussions, and student-led activities makes learning more interactive and fun.
7. Reconsider Popcorn Reading: Popcorn reading, where students read aloud randomly, can be stressful. Allowing students to read in smaller groups or prepare ahead of time can help build their confidence.
8. Don’t Punish the Whole Class: Punishing the entire class for one person’s behaviour can create resentment. It’s better to address issues with individuals to keep a positive environment.
9. Skip Pre-Written Notes: Giving students pre-written notes can prevent them from engaging with the material. Encouraging them to take their own notes helps them listen actively and remember better.

Final Words:

Teaching is an age-old profession with an inherent process and deep knowledge garnered through centuries of best practices. However, many new methodologies have evolved with changing times and morphing classrooms. Educators now have many tools to experiment with for better effectiveness in the classroom.

Every teacher wants their lessons to be engaging and students to be able to retain and use the learnings most effectively. Based on the principle that every educator and student is unique, the methods allow educators to pick a combination of different strategies most suitable for a given subject, topic, and classroom demographics.

The key to using these methods effectively is to identify the goal of the lesson, and then pick a couple of methods that work well together. Be sure to discuss the methods with your colleagues and pick the ones that align most with the mission of your institute and your personal style of teaching. Be open and flexible, making this process as much fun for you as it will become for your students.

Last Updated on November 14, 2024